A instalação de UPS nos bairros de João Pessoa e a redução dos crimes violentos letais intencionais no ano de 2012

This paper aims to analyze the possible causes between installing Solidarity Police Unit (UPS) and the variation in incidence data (CVLI) Violent Crimes Intentional Lethal in the city of João Pessoa in 2012. We assume that the UPS is at the basis of organizational philosophy, the Police Community whose primary purpose is to promote the approach of police with the local community, especially in neighborhoods that have a high incidence of (CVLI) Violent Crimes Intentional Lethal. The research aims, first, identify different aspects or variables that are present in the installation of the UPS, such as the possible causes that led to the choice of these neighborhoods which in most cases are inserted in communities that lie within the neighborhoods, forms of installation, methodology applied in each community, radius of action of those involved, the side projects that are developed by members of UPS as well as the way in which the community received the unit. With this information, we seek to relate different aspects involved in the installation of the UPS data on incidence of CVLI.NenhumaEste trabalho objetiva analisar as possíveis causas existentes entre a instalação de Unidade de Polícia Solidária (UPS) e a variação nos dados de incidência de Crimes Violentos Letais Intencionais (CVLI) na cidade de João Pessoa no ano de 2012. Partimos do pressuposto que as UPS tem em sua base de filosofia organizacional, a Polícia Comunitária cujo objetivo primário é promover a aproximação da polícia com a comunidade local, principalmente nos bairros que apresentam uma grande incidência de Crimes Violentos Letais Intencionais (CVLI). A pesquisa objetiva, portanto identificar primeiramente diferentes aspectos ou variáveis que estão presentes na instalação das UPS, tais como as possíveis causas que motivaram a escolha desses bairros que na maioria dos casos são inseridas nas omunidades que ficam dentro dos bairros, as formas de instalação, a metodologia aplicada em cada comunidade, o raio de atuação dos envolvidos, os projetos paralelos que são desenvolvidos pelos membros das UPS, bem como a forma com que a comunidade recebeu a unidade. Com essas Informações, procura-se relacionar diferentes aspectos envolvidos na instalação das UPS com dados referentes à incidência de CVLI, e apresentar os resultados decorrentes da pesquisa

Performance of BDS Navigation Ionospheric Model During the Main Phase of Different Classified Geomagnetic Storms in China Region

© 2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Geomagnetic storms can have a great impact on the Earth's upper atmosphere, that is, the ionosphere. The activity of the ionosphere could be more pronounced during geomagnetic storms, which can make key ionospheric parameters, like total electron content (TEC), very hard to be modeled. The use of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) navigation ionospheric model is a conventional option for users to correct the ionospheric delay, which could suffer from the effects of storms. In this study, the performance of Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) navigation ionospheric model in the China region during the main phase of different classes of geomagnetic storms is investigated for the first time. The analysis of the results revealed that the accuracy of the BDS navigation ionospheric model was impacted to different degrees during the storms. The effects during strong storms were the greatest, followed by moderate and weak storms. The impact on the accuracy of the model was characterized by latitude and local time. Furthermore, the accuracy of the model during the same class of storms was not always at the same level. The finding in this study could benefit the prediction of GNSS navigation ionospheric models' performance during geomagnetic storms

GPS ionospheric scintillation and HF radar backscatter – A comparison between GISTM network and SuperDARN at high latitudes

The occurrence of GPS ionospheric scintillation at high latitudes over Scandinavia in 2003 and 2008 is compared with the occurrence of HF radar backscatter from field-aligned irregularities as a function of magnetic local time and geomagnetic latitude for the same two years. The scintillation was observed using GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitors (GISTM) included in a network extending from high to mid latitudes. Both the HF radar backscatter and GPS scintillation predominantly occur in the night portion of the auroral oval and the ionospheric footprint of the cusp. Data subsets for geomagnetically quiet and disturbed periods show the expected shift in latitude of the ionospheric regions both in the occurrence of phase scintillation and the HF radar backscatter from ionospheric irregularities

Ionospheric scintillation intensity fading characteristics and GPS receiver tracking performance at low latitudes

Ionospheric scintillation refers to rapid fluctuations in signal amplitude/phase when radio signals propagate through irregularities in the ionosphere. The occurrence of ionospheric scintillation can severely degrade the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver tracking loop performance, with consequential effects on positioning. Under strong scintillation conditions, receivers can even lose lock on satellites, which poses serious threats to safety–critical GNSS applications and precise positioning. The characteristics of intensity fading on Global Positioning System (GPS) L1 C/A signals during the peak of the last solar cycle at the low latitude station of Presidente Prudente (Lat. 22.12°S, Long. 51.41°W, Magnetic Lat. 12.74°S) are investigated. The results show that the occurrence of scintillation at this station is extremely frequent. An analysis of the fading events revealed an inverse relationship between fading depth and duration. Mathematical models are built to investigate and explain the statistical relationship between intensity fading and the commonly used amplitude scintillation index S4. Then the GPS receiver tracking loop performance is studied in relation to fading. A conclusion can be drawn that both fading depth and duration can affect the tracking loop performance, but the tracking error variance is more strongly related to fading speed, defined as the ratio of fading depth to fading duration. The proposed study is of great significance for better understanding the ionospheric scintillation intensity fading characteristics at low latitudes. It can also contribute to the research on the effects of scintillation on GNSS as well as support the design and development of scintillation robust GNSS receivers

Um retrato do lado pobre da Agricultura Familiar no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul

The aim of this paper is to highlight the social dimension and analyze the socioeconomic and productive characteristics of the poor farmers, classified according to the rules of the PRONAF Group B in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). In theoretical and methodological terms, we used the approach of capabilities Amartya Sen and the approach of Frank Ellis to gather conceptual elements necessary to the understanding of "multiple productive needs" of this particular group of farmers. The data used are from special tabulations from the 2006 Agricultural Census, IBGE. Research shows that the farms in low-income classifiable in Group B of PRONAF are present in all the RS micro, coming to encompass half the farmers in some areas and approximately 30% of the segment in the state. Research results also point to the high social vulnerability of these gauchos producers in various dimensions of their livelihoods (appropriations of natural capital, physical, human, social and financial), demonstrating that there is need for improvement in its asset platform (access land, water, finance and technology) as well as in their basic training (formal education and level of social organization).O objetivo deste artigo é evidenciar a dimensão social e analisar as características socioeconômicas e produtivas dos agricultores familiares pobres, classificados segundo as regras do PRONAF Grupo B, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Em termos teórico-metodológicos, recorreu-se a abordagem das capacitações de Amartya Sen e ao approach de Frank Ellis para reunir os elementos conceituais necessários ao entendimento das “múltiplas carências produtivas” deste grupo específico de agricultores. Os dados utilizados para fundamentar a análise são oriundos de tabulações especiais do Censo Agropecuário 2006, do IBGE. A pesquisa mostra que os estabelecimentos agropecuários de baixa renda enquadráveis no Grupo B do PRONAF estão presentes em todas as microrregiões do RS, chegando a englobar metade dos agricultores familiares em algumas áreas e aproximadamente 30% do segmento no estado. Os resultados da investigação também apontam para a grande vulnerabilidade social destes produtores gaúchos em várias dimensões dos seus meios de vida (dotações de capital natural, físico, humano, social e financeiro), demonstrando que há necessidade de melhorias quantitativas e qualitativas em sua plataforma de ativos (acesso a terra, água, financiamentos e tecnologias), bem como em suas capacitações básicas (educação formal e nível de organização social)

Tuning a Kalman filter carrier tracking algorithm in the presence of ionospheric scintillation

© 2017, The Author(s). Strong ionospheric electron content gradients may lead to fast and unpredictable fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of the signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). This phenomenon, known as ionospheric scintillation, is capable of deteriorating the tracking performance of a GNSS receiver, leading to increased phase and Doppler errors, cycle slips and also to complete losses of signal lock. In order to mitigate scintillation effects at receiver level, the robustness of the carrier tracking loop, the receiver weakest link under scintillation, must be enhanced. Kalman filter (KF)-based tracking algorithms are particularly suitable to cope with the variable working conditions imposed by scintillation. However, the effectiveness of this tracking approach strongly depends on the accuracy of the assumed dynamic model, which can quickly become inaccurate under randomly variable situations. This study first shows how inaccurate dynamic models can lead to a KF suboptimum solution or divergence, when both strong phase and amplitude scintillation are present. Then, to overcome this issue, it proposes two self-tuning KF-based carrier tracking algorithms, which self-tune their dynamic models by exploiting the knowledge about scintillation that can be achieved through scintillation monitoring. The algorithms have been assessed with live equatorial data affected by strong scintillation. Results show that the algorithms are able to maintain the signal lock and provide reliable scintillation indices when classical architectures and commercial ionospheric scintillation monitoring receivers fail

TENTATIVAS DE INCLUSÃO DA AGRICULTURA DE BASE ECOLÓGICA NO PRONAF: DO OTIMISMO DAS LINHAS DE CRÉDITO VERDE AO SONHO FRUSTRADO DO I PLANAPO

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar os principais avanços e limites das linhas de financiamento do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF) criadas para apoiar a agricultura familiar de base ecológica no Brasil. Para tanto, recorre-se a uma revisão de parte selecionada da literatura produzida sobre o tema, bem como a sistematização de dados secundários sobre o desempenho das operações realizadas de 2004 a 2015, focalizando especialmente o período de abrangência do primeiro Plano Nacional de Agroecologia e Produção Orgânica (I PLANAPO). Em linhas gerais, o trabalho mostra que as chamadas “linhas de crédito verde” do PRONAF representaram uma inovação institucional importante, ocupando um lugar de destaque na agenda de prioridades do I PLANAPO, mas mantiveram uma posição marginal na política de crédito do programa, que continua apoiando majoritariamente a modernização da agricultura familiar e apresenta-se ainda muito distante das diretrizes de um sistema alimentar ambientalmente sustentável. Além disso, argumenta-se que os instrumentos inovadores que foram criados para financiar a agricultura familiar ecológica obtiveram um baixo desempenho operacional devido a problemas no seu desenho normativo e a persistência de entraves relacionados à sua operacionalização em nível municipal, onde as políticas públicas pensadas em Brasília ganham vida a partir da ação concreta dos atores locais

A statistical approach to estimate Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver signal tracking performance in the presence of ionospheric scintillation

Ionospheric scintillation can seriously impair the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver signal tracking performance, thus affecting the required levels of availability, accuracy and integrity of positioning that supports modern day GNSS based applications. We present results from the research work carried out under the Horizon 2020 European Commission (EC) funded Ionospheric Prediction Service (IPS) project. The statistical models developed to estimate the standard deviation of the receiver Phase Locked Loop (PLL) tracking jitter on the Global Positioning System (GPS) L1 frequency as a function of scintillation levels are presented. The models were developed following the statistical approach of generalized linear modelling on data recorded by networks in operation at high and low latitudes during the years of 2012 to 2015. The developed models were validated using data from different stations over varying latitudes, which yielded promising results. In the case of mid-latitudes, as the occurrence of strong scintillation is absent, an attempt to develop a dedicated model proved fruitless and, therefore, the models developed for the high and low latitudes were tested for two mid-latitude stations. The developed statistical models can be used to generate receiver tracking jitter maps over a region, providing users with the expected tracking conditions. The approach followed for the development of these models for the GPS L1 frequency can be used as a blueprint for the development of similar models for other GNSS frequencies, which will be the subject of follow on research